Material Specifications

Material Specifications and Connection of Aluminum Conductors at WAGO

Overview of Material Specifications

Insulation Materials

WAGO primarily uses polyamide (PA 66 and PA 46) for housing current-conducting parts, as well as polyphthalamide (PPA) and polycarbonate (PC) for insulation material (see table). For more than 40 years, these materials have been proven in practice in WAGO products, and they all are approved by certified third-party agencies. The polymer materials listed are technically halogen-free and flame-retardant in accordance with IEC 61249-2-21 and do not contain any heavy metals, silicone, asbestos or formaldehyde as formulation components.

Table: Standard Insulation Materials
* No manufacturer information available
Material	PA66	PA66 GF	PPA GF	PA46	PC	PC	PBT	PBT GF
Flammability class UL 94 flammability test ratings	V0	V0	V0	V2	V2	V0	V0	V0
Oxygen index (OI) per EN ISO 4589-2	>32 %	>33 %	>37 %	>27 %	>26 %	>35 %	>32 %	>32 %
Glow wire test per IEC 60695-2-12 GWFI IEC 60695-2-13 GWIT	850 °C 775 °C	850 °C 775 °C	960 °C 775 °C	750 °C 725 °C	850 °C 775 °C	850 °C 775 °C	850 °C 775 °C	850 °C 775 °C
Temperature of the ball indentation hardness test per IEC 60695-10-2	≥125 °C	≥175 °C	≥225 °C	n.s.*	≥125 °C	≥125 °C	≥200 °C	≥200 °C
Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) per IEC 60112	600 V	600 V	600 V	375 V	225 V	225 V	600 V	600 V
RTI impact per UL 746B	105 °C	100 °C	130 °C	115 °C	125 °C	120 °C	120 °C	115 °C
Heat deflection temperature HDT/B(A) per ISO 75 (with a bending stress of 0.45 MPa by default or 1.8 MPa)	215 °C	235 °C	285 °C	280 °C	130 °C (1.8 MPa)	130 °C (1.8 MPa)	160 °C	203 °C (1.8 MPa)
Surface resistivity per IEC 60093	10¹² Ω	10¹² Ω	10¹⁵ Ω	10¹³ Ω/td>	10¹⁵ Ω	10¹⁵ Ω	10¹⁵ Ω	10¹⁵ Ω
Specific contact resistance per IEC 60093	10¹⁵ Ω	10¹⁵ Ω	10¹³ Ω	10¹³ Ω/td>	10¹¹ Ω	10¹³ Ω	10¹³ Ω	10¹³ Ω
Dielectric strength per IEC 60243-1	30 kV/mm	40 kV/mm	25 kV/mm	25 kV/mm	25 kV/mm	29 kV/mm	17 kV/mm	27 kV/mm

Polyamide (PA66)

WAGO uses modified, technically halogen-free, flame-retardant polyamides.

These materials do not corrode, are difficult to ignite and feature self-extinguishing properties (V0 rating per UL 94). Adhering to UL 746C, the polyamides used at WAGO have a continuous operating temperature of 105 °C (221 °F) based on the relative temperature index with impact load (RTIimp).

This ensures that the necessary electrical and mechanical insulating properties are maintained at a sufficiently guaranteed level over a long period of time. The short-term upper temperature limit is

200°C (392°F). In lower temperature ranges, it has been determined that no damage to the insulation material occurs during usage down to −35°C (−31°F). After installation and wiring, WAGO products can even be used at temperatures down to −60°C (−76°F). Environmental humidity (up to 2.5 % in a standard atmosphere) is absorbed, providing the polyamides with optimum elasticity, strength and durability. In practical use, basic stabilization of WAGO’s polyamides has been proven over many years to be sufficient to prevent damage caused by ozone or UV radiation exposure in intended applications. Polyamides have excellent resilience against the most demanding climates and have proven themselves in tropical applications worldwide. Insulation parts made of polyamide are resistant to insects. The material does not provide oxygen or other biogenic elements to microorganisms. The presence of anaerobic earth bacteria, mold, fungus and enzymes does not degrade the material. Polyamides are resistant to most fuels, greases and oils, as well as the most commonly used cleaners, such as alcohol, Freon, Frigen and carbon tetrachloride. Acid resistance depends on the acid type and concentration, as well as the exposure time.

The use of insulation materials during in-house production at WAGO only occurs after acceptance of factory test certificates and specified material tests.

Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide (PA 66 GF)

WAGO uses glass-fiber-reinforced polyamides for components with increased mechanical demands, such as levers, push-buttons or housings exposed to high stresses, because they have significantly better mechanical characteristic properties than non-reinforced polyamides. In general, materials are used that have excellent tracking resistance, flammability ratings and high temperature resistance.

More data can be found in the table.

Polyphthalamide (PPA GF)

Glass-fiber-reinforced, high-performance polyamides are ideal for high-temperature applications, due to the material’s high level of thermal dimensional stability, its low dependence on ambient conditions and its excellent strength properties. The material’s outstanding tracking resistance permits miniature components to be realized. Fire protection equipment enables classification in flammability class V0 per UL 94 – even for extremely thin walls. PPA GF absorbs minute amounts of moisture from the ambient air, making it ideal for THR soldering applications and for thin-walled, dimensionally stable components.

More data can be found in the table.

Polyamide (PA46)

In comparison with PA 66, PA 46 has substantially higher dimensional stability under heat. The relative temperature index with impact load (RTIimp) is 115°C (239°F) for PA 46.

The reliable short-term temperature for the type used by WAGO is 280°C (536°F).

More data can be found in the table.

Polycarbonate (PC)

Polycarbonate has excellent dimensional stability under heat. The electrical and mechanical properties remain intact at extremely high temperatures up to approximately 120°C (248°F) per UL Yellow Card. Its excellent electrical insulating properties and dimensional stability are virtually independent of environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature. Highly precise components can be created due to the low shrinkage of the material during injection molding. Polycarbonate has excellent weather resistance and is also highly resistant to high-energy radiation. If the PC is not colored, then the components are glass-clear. Thanks to its desirable properties (e.g., dimensional stability, heat resistance, non-flammability, durability and transparency), PC is a proven and widely used material in the electrical industry. Depending on the demands placed on the finished product, WAGO uses polycarbonates that carry flammability classifications V2 and V0 per UL 94. Medium-viscosity PC is used that features excellent chemical resistance.

Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)

Polybutylene terephthalate is used due to its balanced combination of rigidity and strength alongside durability and heat deflection resistance, as well as excellent dimensional stability.

The electrical and mechanical properties are on a high level and are not affected ambient humidity. The fire protection equipment is technically pollutant-free as usual, and the material is classified as V0.

Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT GF)

Glass-fiber-reinforced polybutylene terephthalate is also distinguished by very good mechanical and electrical properties, especially with thin walls.

Type PBT GF is also classified as V0 and and, like the other WAGO plastics, technically pollutant-free.

Contact materials

WAGO mainly uses high-purity copper and low-alloy copper alloys as contact materials. For each product, the material with the ideal combination of electrical conductivity, strength and relaxation stability for the specific application is used. The materials selected in this way have good chemical resistance to industrial atmospheres and sea air. Compared to brass alloys, they are insensitive to stress corrosion cracking.

Contact Plating
Our conductor materials feature standard protection against oxidation and other corrosive influences in the form of a tin layer. The soft tin with a sufficient layer thickness, in combination with specific contact pressure, creates a gas-tight connection in the specified contact zone. This ensures the long-term stability of the electrical connection. With a suitable design, multiple connections are no problem. With suitable products, the tin layer also ensures good solderability even after long periods of storage. For contacts requiring a high number of mating cycles or actuation, we use silver- or gold-based coating systems, depending on the requirements. The silver layers are provided with suitable passivation to prevent tarnishing due to reaction with sulfurous media. However, if discoloration of a contact occurs during long-term use or due to exposure to a high concentration of sulfur, this does not pose a problem for the quality of the electrical connection in most cases.

Clamping Spring Material
WAGO’s spring pressure connection technology is based on the use of contact springs made of high-strength, high-alloy chromium-nickel steels. In cooperation with our supplies we adapt the steel grades we use to the corresponding applications in terms of their chemical composition, as well as the mechanical properties, which are adjusted in the production process. Decades of experience as inventors of spring pressure connection technology enable us to take advantage of the unique combination of strength and deformability of the materials to provide the necessary contact forces in a minimum installation space. In some of our products, we also use thermal post-treatment, which can be recognized by corresponding discoloration of the springs. Stress relaxation plays no role in the intended temperature range of the contact systems. In addition, the steels used feature high corrosive resistance, such as in sulfurous atmospheres and sea air. There is no risk of contact corrosion with copper materials when used properly. Contact with media containing chlorine must be avoided by taking suitable protective measures, as this can lead to stress corrosion cracking in chrome-nickel steels.

Connecting Aluminum Conductors (“Alu-Plus” Contact Paste)

All WAGO products are designed for connecting copper conductors, with the following possible exceptions:

Only the following connector series are suitable for connecting solid aluminum conductors: PUSH WIRE^® connectors:

2273
773
224

CAGE CLAMP^® connectors:

224
222
280
281

Screw-type connectors:

883 (https://www.wago.com/de/d/8211189)

1. Press the contact paste into the corresponding clamping point using a syringe until the clamping point is completely filled. For CAGE CLAMP® and WAGO splicing connectors with levers, open the spring with the assembly tool or lever before pressing down the syringe plunger.

2273 Series

773 Series

222 Series

224 Series

280/281 Series

2. Only solid aluminum conductors shall be used.

3. Strip the aluminum conductor to the length specified in the data sheet or on the housing.

4. Clean the oxidized surface of the stripped aluminum conductor end, e.g., by scratching it free over a large area.

5. To prevent re-oxidation, the stripped conductor surface must be generously moistened with “Alu-Plus” contact paste from the syringe immediately after this cleaning process, or the conductor must be inserted directly into the pre-filled clamping point until it hits the backstop.

WAGO also offers connectors (item no. 2273-24x) for these applications, which are already filled with contact paste at the factory. These connectors have an operating temperature range of max. 60 °C.

For series that are not suitable for aluminum conductors, it is possible to use Cupal ferrules, e.g., from Klauke. Suitable measures for realizing touch-proof protection and the required clearances and creepage distances (e.g., shrink tube) are absolutely necessary.

Due to the lower conductivity of the aluminum conductors, the reduced nominal currents must be observed (e.g., 2.5 mm² = 16 A and 4 mm² = 22 A).

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Topics
Material Specifications and
Connection of
Aluminum Conductors

WAGO Information:

Overview of Material Specifications

Insulation Materials

Contact materials

Connecting Aluminum Conductors (“Alu-Plus” Contact Paste)

2273 Series

773 Series

222 Series

224 Series

280/281 Series

Sales

Additional service offerings:

Certificates and Approvals

Catalogs

Topics Material Specifications and Connection of Aluminum Conductors

WAGO Information:

Overview of Material Specifications

Insulation Materials

Contact materials

Connecting Aluminum Conductors (“Alu-Plus” Contact Paste)

2273 Series

773 Series

222 Series

224 Series

280/281 Series

Sales

Additional service offerings:

Certificates and Approvals

Catalogs

Topics
Material Specifications and
Connection of
Aluminum Conductors